In the modern world, digitalization has become an integral part of social development. Technology is permeating all spheres of life – education, economics, healthcare, and public administration. The digital environment creates new opportunities for the realization of human rights, obtaining information, and participating in public processes. However, at the same time, the problem of digital inequality is increasing, which manifests itself in unequal access of citizens to digital resources, services and knowledge. This inequality is becoming one of the key threats to justice and equality in the digital age.

Digital inequality is expressed in differences between social groups, regions and countries in the level of access to the Internet, digital devices and their use skills. It has a multi-layered nature: technical, educational, and socio-economic. Some regions have high-quality digital infrastructure, broadband Internet and a high level of digital literacy, while others lack stable connectivity and access to modern technologies. In Kazakhstan, despite the active development of the digital economy and the introduction of national programs, significant differences remain between large cities and rural areas. In small settlements, there is often no stable Internet connection, and the digital literacy of the population remains low. This limits the opportunities for obtaining public services, participating in distance learning, accessing information, and finding employment in new digital professions. Despite the development of the Digital Kazakhstan program, some of the population still has difficulties accessing the Internet, especially in remote regions. As a result, a new form of social exclusion is emerging, when people are unable to fully exercise their rights and take advantage of the digital environment.

MAKSIMENKO E.I.

Candidate of pedagogical sciences, deputy dean of the faculty of law, associate professor of the department of organization of judicial, prosecutorial, and investigative activities, Orenburg state university named after V.A. Bondarenko, Orenburg, Russian Federation.

E-mail: maksimenko_@inbox.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6121-1061

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